Deep Sea Fishing :: Personal Narrative Essays

Deep Sea Fishing Wow! I love going deep sea fishing on our boat. I was excited when my dad had asked me if I wanted to go this weekend. We departed that Saturday morning after almost a week of sheer anticipation, our destination, Port Canaveral, home of of some of the best fishing on the east coast of Florida. The sea is a very dangerous place when riled by a storm, even a mild one, so we always made sure the day would be at least close to perfect before we ventured out into the blue darkness of the open sea. My dad and I had seen the destruction careless boaters could get themselves into, and we did our best to avoid it. That Saturday, though, looked as if it were a perfect offshore fishing day. The sky was clear as glass, with a couple straggling cirrus clouds, but nothing worth paying attention to, and above that, the fish were supposedly hitting offshore. All-in-all, the long awaited perfect fishing day had come, at least in our minds it had. In the meantime, my dad backed the boat into the salty murky water as I got the boat ready for our day long journey. I set the navigation system to a favorite fishing spot of ours which was about twenty-five miles out called the Pelican Flats. We headed out on the gently, quiet, rolling blue monster's back as our twenty-two foot vessel handled the one to two foot ocean swells with sheer ease. Finally, after an hour long haul, and fifteen fishing minutes later, we ran into our first sign of action. "Fish on starboard!!" screamed my younger brother. "Fish on stern, grab 'em!", bellowed by dad from the steering wheel. Instinctly, my brother and I had quickly grabbed the poles as the line screamed off and the tips bent almost to the water. Soon enough, both of us had fish on, very large fish from the feel. About half an hour of sweat and a good workout, we finally got the fish to give up their fight for life. That was the first time we had ever encountered a double hook-up, which happens when two fish of a considerable size are hooked simultaneously, and it happened in less than fifteen minutes. We ended up fishing for about four more hours and landed an incredible number of large fish, and we wanted more. The three of us scanned the surface for more action, and found nothing of interest but what looked like a storm cloud moving towards us at an unknown velocity about

Dutch Revolt

1 Assignment 2 How significant was the Reformed faith for the success of the Dutch Revolt Essay plan My essay will begin with a chapter on when and why the revolt Started, and will then continue to explain and talk about the main participants in its continuance and then go on to talk about their individual beliefs and reasons for the revolts emergence and success. The Dutch revolt or the revolt of the Netherlands as it is also known as, started in 1566 and carried on until the early 17th century. The seventeen provinces of the Low Countries were acquired by the Hasburgs through marriage in 1477 but were still infested with independent lordships right up until the 17th century and were divided between German speaking Dutch in the north 2 East and French speaking Walloons (people from the area of modern day Belgium) in the south west. The reformation in the Netherlands was an international religious and political event with the seventeen provinces of the Low Countries against the ardent Catholics supported by Charles V and then his son Philip II of the Spanish Empire. The seventeen provinces soon jelled under the leadership of William prince of orange. William was born in 1533 and was raised as a Lutheran, when he was 11, and when his cousin died he inherited the title Prince of Orange, on the condition that he had a Roman Catholic education. He grew up and became a wealthy nobleman who originally served the Hasburgs as a member of the court of Margaret of Parma, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands who was the king’s representative due to the fact of being Charles V illegitimate daughter from a relationship with Johanna Maria Van der Gheynst. William held the position of the Stadholder (steward/ lieutenant). Having been raised as a Lutheran and later being educated in the 3 Catholic ways he grew dissatisfied at the persecution of the Protestants in the Netherlands. It was 1559 when he was given the position of Stadholder of the provinces of Holland and Utrecht, and his decision to oppose the king originated later in the same year when in the company of a couple of French noblemen he overheard about the plan to exterminate the protestants in both France and the Netherlands, and he decided he wanted, nothing to do with their slaughter. In August 1566 the uprising was bought about with a wave of beeldenstorm (iconoclasm) spread with the destruction of statues and religious images in hundreds of churches and monasteries across the Netherlands. The destruction of these statues and Catholic images were denounced as superstitious and unbiblical and the stained glass images were also seen as false teachings of the church (pp68 Block 2 The European Reformation). Margaret allowed influential noblemen including William to become more involved with the rebels in return for their help in quelling anymore destruction; she also granted some of the rebel’s wishes, which included suspending the heresy laws to enable a group of 4 petitioners to negotiate with Philip II, but in early 1567 it became clear she would not be allowed to fulfil her promises when the Duke of Alba was dispatched to the area to restore order. After his arrival the duke set up the council of troubles or known locally as the council of blood because of he 10,000 rebels called before the council for judgment and subsequently killed. William was one of these called up but he failed to show up, he was named as a rebel and had his lands and properties confiscated. Charles V was born in the Flemish city of Ghent in 1500. In 1506 he inherited his father’s Burgundian territories but because of his tender age his aunt Margaret acted as regent until 1515. From early on in 1 515 Charles had to deal with a rebellion from peasants, and after defeating them in 1523 he went on to extend the Burgundian territories. The European Inquisition executed their first Lutheran martyrs at Brussels in 1523, but private support for the new beliefs was more widespread than publically thought. In 1521 Charles called an assembly at worms in Germany to discuss Protestant Reformation. He called Martin Luther to appear before the assembly and to either renounce or reaffirm his views. 5 Luther Said â€Å"Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the scriptures or by clear reason (for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and ontradicted themselves), I am bound by the scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. May God help me. Amen. After the assembly Charles V made a decree (edict of worms) which stated â€Å" We forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther. On the contrary we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, where upon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for 6 their good work†. It was the culmination of an ongoing struggle between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church. On his way back to Wittenburg after his meeting with Charles, William was picked up by soldiers of Frederick the Wise and escorted to Wartburg Castle for his own protection. Philip II became king of Spain and Lord of the low countries in 1556 when he took over from his father Charles V. Philips rule in the seventeen separate provinces known collectively as the Netherlands faced many difficulties including heavy taxation and the suppression of Protestantism; this led to warfare in 1568. In 1566, protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the Iconoclast Fury; in response to growing heresy, the duke of Alba`s army went on the offensive which further alienated the local aristocracy. In 1584, William of Orange was assassinated by Balthasar Gerard, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a â€Å"pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race†. 7 All of the key people involved with the revolt in the Netherlands had their own religious beliefs, and it was these beliefs which were instrumental in the uprising, from the catholic support of the Spanish royal family and the other established European rulers at the time, and the new believers such as Luther and Calvin who influenced William of Orange and other key rebels. The key figures in the new religious movement had such influence over the wronged peasants that they were able to be guaranteed of their support in whatever was asked of them including the revolt itself. (Word Count 1149) Bibliography Wallace, P. (The Long European Reformation). Grell, Ole Peter. O`Day, R. Laurence, A. Loftus, D. (The European Reformation), Block 2. The Open University, Milton Keynes.

Management Of Capital Adequacy In Indian Commercial Banks Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2627 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The banking system is a vital part and decides the progress of the nations economy. Banks play an important role in the mobilization and allocation of resources in an economy. The sound financial position of a bank is the guarantee not only to its depositors but equally important for the whole economy of the nation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Of Capital Adequacy In Indian Commercial Banks Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Several committees have emphasized the need to improve the performance of the commercial banks. In India, the priorities in banking operations underwent far reaching changes since the banking sector reforms have been set in motion. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate the capital adequacy of the commercial banks in India with especial reference to the public sector, private sector and the foreign bank. The study is diagnostic and exploratory in nature and makes use of secondary data. The study finds and concludes that the above mentioned banks have significantly improved their capital adequacy norms. I. Introduction Capital adequacy is a mirror of the inner strength of a bank, which would stand it in good stead during the times of financial crisis. Capital adequacy may have a bearing on the overall performance of a bank, like setting up of new branches, fresh lending in high risk but profitable areas, manpower recruitment and diversification of business through subsidiaries or through specially designated branches, as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) could think these operational dimensions to the banks capital adequacy achievement. As per the RBI norms, through its direction in 1992, whereby each bank in India was required to meet the capital adequacy standard of 8%, the norms were fixed on the basis of the recommendation of the Basel Committee. Many researchers like Tyagarajan, M. 1975, Chidambaram and Alemelu (1994), Kaur and Bhatia (1998), Padmanabhan, K.1998, Desai and Farmer (2001), Edirisuriya and Fang (2001), Mittal (2001), Reddy (2004), Mohanty (2006), Syed Ibrahim, M.2010 and Mohi- ud-Din Sangmi and Tabassum Nazir (2010) have attempted to make a contribution in the field. Among all these researchers, no one has attempted to make the study of capital adequacy analysis exclusively up to the years 2009. It is against this backdrop that the present study has been undertaken to fill up this gap. II. Statement of the Problem Bank capital plays a very crucial role in the safety and soundness of individual banks and the banking system. Basel Committee for Bank Supervision (BCBS) has prescribed a set of norms for the capital requirement for the banks in 1988 known as Basel Accord I. Basel Committee has revised the guidelines in the year 2001 known as Basel II norms. These norms ensure that capital should be adequate to absorb unexpected losses or risks involved. If there is higher risk, then it would be needed to back up with capital and vice versa. All the countries establish their own guidelines through their central banks for risk based capital framework known as capital adequacy norms. Hence, capital adequacy measures the strength of the bank. III. Objectives of the Study The primary objective of this study is to analyze the capital adequacy of public sector bank (State Bank of India); to analyze the capital adequacy of private sector (Bank of Rajasthan); to analyze the capital adequacy of foreign bank (ABN Amro Bank) ; and to suggest measures, on the basis of the study result, to improve further the capital adequacy of the banks under study. IV. Hypotheses of the Study Hypotheses framed for the study are as follows; There is no difference in performance of CAR among these three banks (Ho); There is difference in performance of CAR among these three banks (H1). V. Methodology of the Study Methodology describes the research route to be followed, the instruments to be used, universe and sample of the study for the data to be collected, the tools of analysis used and pattern of deducing conclusions. For the purpose of the present study, ratios are used to evaluate the capital adequacy of the three banks. As far as the sample of the study is concerned, three banks were selected. The first one is State Bank of India (SBI) representing the public sector banks, the second one is Bank of Rajasthan (BOR) representing the private sector banks and the third one is ABN Amro Bank representing the foreign banks operating in India. The present study is diagnostic and exploratory in nature and makes use of secondary data. The relevant secondary data has been collected mainly through the data bases of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), various reports and other studies. Journals such as the Banker and the Journal of Indian Institute of Bankers have also been referred to. An attempt has be en made in this paper to examine the capital adequacy of the above mentioned three banks. The study, as limitations, is confined only to the capital adequacy ratios, for the recent six years period starting from the year 2004 to the year 2009. In order to analyze the data and draw conclusions in this study, various statistical tools like Descriptive Statistics and ANOVA-Single Factor have been done using EXCEL and SPSS Software. VI. Analysis and Discussion 1. Capital Adequacy Ratios of Tier-I and Tier-II Capitals of State Bank of India For computation of the capital adequate ratio, capital is classified Tier-I and Tier-II capitals. Tier-I capital comprises the equity capital and free reserves, while Tier-II capital comprises subordinated debt of 5:7 year tenure. The capital adequacy ratios of the bank (SBI) under study are given in Table-1. Table-1. Capital Adequacy Ratios of Tire-I and II Capitals of SBI Years Tier-I Capital Tier-II Capital 2004 8.34 5.19 2005 8.04 4.41 2006 9.36 2.52 2007 8.01 4.33 2008 9.14 4.40 2009 9.38 4.87 Mean 8.711667 4.405 S.D. 0.653006 0.928152 C.V. (%) 7.49 21.65 Source: Databases of Reserve Bank of India, 2009. It is exhibited in the table 1 that CAR of the Tier-I capital of State Bank of India has been increased from 8.34% in 2004 to 9.38% in 2009. But the Tier-II capital of CAR has been declined from 5.19% in 20041 to 4.87% in 2009. Tier-I capital of the CAR is found to be more consis tent as its CV is less than that of Tier-II capital. Hence, it is concluded that SBI has been quite successful bank so far as its Tier I and II capitals are concerned. In order to test whether the Tier-I Capital of the State Bank of India has the linear relationship with the Tier-II Capital, the CORRELATION tool was performed. The results are furnished in Table-2. Column 1 Column 2 Column 1 1 Column 2 -0.38145 1 The Tier-I and II Capitals of the SBI is very strong negative correlation as the linear correlation co-efficient is -0.38145. 2. Capital Adequacy Ratios of Tier-I and Tier-II Capitals of Bank of Rajasthan The year-wise CAR of the Tier I and II capitals of the Bank of Rajasthan are furnished in Table-3. Table-3. Capital Adequacy Ratios of Tire I and II Capitals of BOR Years Tier-I Capital Tier-II Capital 2004 8.35 2.83 2005 7.84 4.91 2006 6.90 3.70 2007 6.62 4.70 2008 6.10 5.77 2009 6.19 5.31 Mean 7 4.536667 S.D. 0.91089 1.086088 C.V. (%) 13.01 23.94 Source: Databases of Reserve Bank of India, 2009. The analysis in table 3 reveals that the Tier-I and II capitals of the CAR have not been successful. The Tier-I capital ratio has been decreased from 8.35% in 2004 to 6.19% in 2009. Whereas, the Tier-II capital ratio of the Bank of Rajasthan have shown up from 2.83% in 2004 to 5.31% in 2009. Tier-I capital seems quite consistent as standard deviation being only 13.01%. 3 Capital Adequacy Ratios of Tier-I and Tier-II Capitals of ABN Amro Bank The year-wise CAR of the Tier I and II capitals of the ABN Amro Bank are presented in Table-4. Table-4. Capital Adequacy Ratios of Tier I and II Capitals of ABN Years Tier-I Capital Tier-II Capital 2004 11.49 1.99 2005 7.89 2.66 2006 7.18 3.26 2007 7.33 4.01 2008 7.24 5.68 2009 7.48 5.23 Mean 8.101667 3.805 S.D. 1.679255 1.448485 C.V. (%) 20.72 38.06 Source: Databases of Reserve Bank of India, 2009. It is exhibited in the table 4 that CAR of Tier I capital of the AMN Amro Bank has been decreased from 11.49% in 2004 to 7.48% in 2009. But Tier-II capital ratios have been steadily increased from 1.99% in 2004 to 5.23% in 2009. The year 2008 registered a higher rate. It is found that Tier-I capital ratio is more consistent as its CV (20.72%) is less than that of Tier-II capital ratio (38.06%). 4. Overall Capital Adequacy Ratios of SBI, BOR ABN Amro Bank Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is the ratio which determines the capacity of a bank in terms of meeting the time liabilities and other risk such as credit risk, market risk, operational risk etc. It is a measure of how much capital is used to support the banks risk assets. Table-5 provides the CARs of the banks. Table-5 Capital Adequacy Ratios of the three banks Years SBI BOR ABN 2004 13.53 11.18 13.48 2005 12.45 12.75 10.55 2006 11.88 10.60 10.44 2007 12.34 11.32 11.34 2008 13.54 11.87 12.92 2009 14.25 11.50 12.66 Mean 12.99833 11.53667 11.89833 S.D. 0.908568 0.726104 1.294765 C.V. (%) 6.98 6.29 10.88 Source: Databases of Reserve Bank of India, 2009. Table 5 highlights the overall capital adequacy ratios of all the three sectors of banks. Both the public sector bank (SBI) and the private sector bank (BOR) have improved progressively but the foreign bank (A MN Amro. Bank) shows the unhealthy sign as it has been decreased from 13.48% in 2004 to 12.66% in 2009. Even though, CAR of SBI seems to be higher than that of other two banks in 2009, the BOR which seems quite consistent as the standard deviation being only 6.29. To test the differences in the CAR of the public sector bank (SBI), the private sector bank (BOR) and the foreign bank (ABN Amro Bank), Single Factor ANOVA has been performed. The Hypotheses framed are as follows: Ho: There is no difference in performance of overall CAR among these three banks; H1: There is difference in performance of overall CAR among these three banks. The test results are given in Table-6. Table-6 ANOVA-Single Factor. (CAR of SBI and BOR) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 6 77.99 12.99833 0.825497 Column 2 6 69.22 11.53667 0.527227 Column 3 6 71.39 11.89833 1.676417 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 6.954544 2 3.477272 3.443821 0.058775 3.68232 Within Groups 15.1457 15 1.009713 Total 22.10024 17     The mean level of private sector bank- BOR, (11.53667) is less than that of other two sectors of banks namely foreign bank- ABN Amro (11.89833) and the public sector bank-SBI (12.99833). According to the test result, F=3.443821, with a critical value of. .05, the critical F=3.68232. Therefore, since the F statistic is less than the critical value, we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference in performance of CAR among theses three sectors of bank. VII. Findings and Suggestions The analysis and discussion in the proceeding pages reveal that the State Bank of India (SBI) ,being a public sector bank, has managed to do well in relation to the Tier-I and Tier-I capitals. It was found that there is no significant association between the Tier-I and Tier-II capitals of SBI. As far as the Tier-I and Tier-II capitals of the Bank of Rajasthan, being a private sector bank and the ABN Amro Bank, being a foreign bank is concerned, they have not shown significant performance. The performance of BOR and ABN Amro have been just the opposite as that of the SBI. Regarding the overall Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), the SBI registered increased percentage especially in the year 2007 and after. But, compared to SBI and foreign bank of ABN Amro, the Bank of Rajasthan seems quite consistent. It was also found that there is no significant difference in performance of CAR among these three sectors of banks. As far as the CAR is concerned, the managements of both the Bank of Rajasthan and ABN Amro Bank needs to increase the level of Tier-I and II capitals so that these banks could be at-par with the performance of capital adequacy of the SBI. VIII. Conclusion Banks have to disclose Tier-I and II capitals under disclosure norms in the balance sheet. They also have to submit a report on capital funds, conversion of on and off balance sheet items, calculation of risk weighted assets and capital to risk asset ratio. Under Basel II norms the prescribed capital adequacy norms in the case of scheduled commercial banks should be9%; for new private sector banks and the banks undertaking, the insurance business should be 10%. The higher the capital adequacy ratio (CAR), the stronger is the bank. However, a very high CAR indicates that the bank is conservative and has not utilized the full potential of its both the capitals. So far as CAR is concerned, all the three sectors of bank have managed their capital adequacy ratio well above the minimum standard 10% fixed by the Reserve bank of India (RBI). IX. Scope for Further Research Capital Adequacy ratio (CAR) is a ratio that regulators in the banking system use to watch banks health, specifically banks capital to its risk. Regulators in most countries define and monitor CAR to protect depositors, thereby maintaining confidence in the banking system. This research paper and its findings may be of considerable use to banking institutions, policy makers and to academic researchers in the area of banking performance evaluation with special reference to capital adequacy. X. References Avkiran, N.K. 1999. The Evidence of Efficiency Gains: The Role of Mergers and the Benefits to the Public. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 23, 991-1013. Bhatia, S. and Verma, S. 1998-99, Factors Determining Profitability of Public Sector Banks in India: An Application of Multiple Regression Model. Pranjan, Vol.XXVII (4), 433-445. Chidambaram, R.M. and Alamelu, K. 1994. Profitability in Banks, a matter of Survival. The Banker, May, 18, 1-3. Das, Abhiman, 2002. Risk and Productivity Change of Public Sector Banks, Economic and Political Weekly, February 2. Dasgupta, D. 2001. Profitability of Indian Public Sector Banks in the light of Liberalization of Indian Economy: An Overview. The Management Accountant, Vol.36 (9), 693-698. Desai, B.H. and Farmer, M.J. 2001. Taxonomic Evaluation of Banks Profitability Perfornmance, ICWAI-The Management Accountant, 36 (12), 885-891. D Souza, Errol, 2002. How Well Have Public sector banks done? A Note. Ec onomic and Political Weekly, March 2. Edisurya, P. and Fang, V. 2001. Financial Deregulation and Financial Performance: A Comparative Study of Indian Banks and selected OECD Banks. 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Performance Evaluation of RRBs: A case study of Hisar-sirsa- Kshetriya Gramin Bank. The Management Accountant, 36 (11), 833-844. Mohanty, B. K. 2006. Role of Loan Classification Norms and Legal Measures in NPA Management of Banks. The Management Accountant, 41(1), 7-12. Padmanabhan, K. 1998. Financial Sector Reforms and the Performance of Commercial Banks, Political Economy Journal of India, Vol.7, (1 and 2), 72-85. Professor Dilip Khankhoje and Dr. Milind Sathye, 2008. Efficiency of Rural Banks: The Case of India, International Business Research-CCSE, Vol-1, No.2. Prof. Dr. Mohi-ud-Din Sangmi and Dr.Tabassum Nair. 2010. Analyzing Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in India: Application of CAMEL Model Pak. J. Commerce. Soc.Sci, Vol.4 (1), 40-55. Rangarajan, C. 1995. Inaugural address at th e 18th Bank Economists Conference, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, December, XLIX (12), Reserve bank of India, Mumbai. Reddy, G.S. 2004.Mnaagement of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in Public Sector Banks, Journal of banking and finance, XVII (3), 17-21. Sinkey, J. and F. JR. 1998. Commercial Bank Financial Management. Prentice Hall International, Inc. 69-137, 238-260 Sankaranarayan, V. 1995. Performance of Public Sector Banks in 1994-95. IBA Bulletin, XVII (8), 46-48. Sathye, M. 2001. X-efficiency in Australian Banking: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of Banking and Finance, 25,613-630. Satyadevi, C. 2009. Financial Services-Banking and Insurance, S.Chand Company, ISBN: 81-219-3208-4. Subramanyam, G. 1993. Productivity Growth in Indias Public Sector Banks: 1979- 89, Journal of Quantitative Economics, Vol.9, 209-223. Syed Ibrahim, M.2010. Performance Evaluation of Regional Rural Banks in India, International Business Research-CCSE, V ol-3, No.4.October. Thakur, S. 1990. Two Decades of Indian Banking: The Service Sector Scenario, Chanakya Publications New Delhi, India. Tyagarajan, M. 1975. Expansion of Commercial Banking- An Assessment, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.10, 1819-1824.