Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome essays

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome expositions While seeing a scene of measurable documents on Court TV February 2004, I was roused to do my examination paper on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). As I viewed, an eleven-year-old kid was experiencing a serious episode of HUS. I viewed in dismay as this childs body shut down one framework after another. He had extreme spewing and looseness of the bowels that his mom attempted to home cure with Pepto-Bismol and Imodium. Following a few days when blood was available in the runs and his fever turned out to be hazardously high he was hospitalized. The kid immediately slipped into a state of unconsciousness and his respiratory crumbled making him be put on a ventilator. Before long liquid began to work around his heart which compromised his life and he needed to experience crisis medical procedure. Serious seizures shook his little body on a few events. His kidneys shut down and he must be put on dialysis, at that point liquid developed around his heart again and another crisis medical pr ocedure was expected to expel the liquid. Tests requested by the specialist were without any result and the specialist didn't have the foggiest idea about the reason for the issues. At that point the kid began to recoup, yet from what nobody knew. As he got reasonable and had the option to talk he told his folks of some crude cheeseburger he coincidentally ate during his outdoors trip. The guardians brought the kid some cheap food and as he tasted from his beverage he endured extreme stomach torment and had another seizure and slipped once again into the unconsciousness. The guardians told the specialist of the crude cheeseburger meat and tests uncovered the kid was experiencing HUS. The moms endeavor to home cure the runs and regurgitating had caused the microorganisms E-Coli (OH157:h7) to numerous in the digestion tracts harshly. Blood transfusions were not helping, and the guardians before long looked for outside assistance. They found a specialist that had been working with plas ma transfusions and it was working in patients with extreme HUS. Subsequent to getting authorization from the clinic the specialist brought his hardware and ... <!

Review of a Live Theatre Perfomance (Fences by August Wilson) Essay

Audit of a Live Theater Perfomance (Fences by August Wilson) - Essay Example In view of the setting of 1950’s, Fences focuses an African American family. It records their fantasies, urgency, achievement and disappointment. Tight-lipped with horde pictures and images playing quietly all through the play and uncovered at the start and beginning of the plot, ‘Fences’ is certainly a showstopper and is additionally humanistic. The play remarks on the developing African-American experience and minutely looks at unpredictably the ‘race-relations’ woven inside the plot of the play among numerous different topics. Isolated in the middle of two plots, containing four and five scenes separately, the story spins round the downturn of the Afro-American people group in post world war II period. The play opens on the compensation day of two specialists named Bono and Tory. Both the two characters are significant in the play. Bono and Tory are seen as drinking while at the same time talking. Tory is acquainted with the crowd through his discourse and this structures an extremely remarkable style of performing imaginativeness. Tory’s character is uncovered by his demonstration of moving towards his manager Mr. Rand and his inquiry about the disallowance for the Black men for driving waste vehicles. Next, the crowd is acquainted with the other two significant characters of the play, Lyons and Rose, who joined the discussion. With the improvement of the discussion, crowd becomes acquainted with about the way that Tory once cut a man which demonstrates a few variations from the norm in his practic es. Lyons is a performer by calling who is acquainted with the crowd while he was requesting cash from his dad and was very sure about the way that he will get it from his dad, Tory. Tory renders his child a hard and attempting time by denying the cash however finally the dad concurs. With the improvement of the plot, in the end it is uncovered that Tory engaged in extramarital relations with a lady named Alberta. It is vital

Estimating Realistic Startup Costs

Estimating Realistic Startup Costs Have you ever had an interesting idea and thought that it might be turned into a successful business?Well, you probably have, as has almost everybody.Where are those businesses and why there are not more successful businessmen and businesswomen in the world?The thing is, very few of those initial ideas go from a fleeting thought into an actual realization, and even less become successful in the long run (statistics say that, due to various reasons, around 50 % of startup businesses fail during the first year of existing).The reason behind why people are not more prone to taking action and bringing life to their ideas is the fact that embarking in business could seem like a long shot- a risky, possibly irresponsible undertaking that can leave you with nothing, or at least, with less than you have initially had.So, finances are the main reason why so many good ideas have never seen the light of the day, and it is really easy to see why.Even if you talk to the successful businessmen and ask them about their beginnings and how they tackled finances they will remember the time as stressful, full of difficult decisions, anxiety, and anticipation.The benefits and reaping the success came later. Much later.So, if you have decided that your idea is worth turning into a business, and if you are ready to take on the responsibility, angst, and excitement of trying to create a name for you in the business world read on.WHERE TO STARTOkay, so you have an idea, but is that enough?Unfortunately, it is not.For the idea to be turned into a business it has to be either innovative so there is no competition on the market, or it has to be in high demand or offer a better service than other businesses in the same area.To know that, you need to do market research of the field that you are interested in.This will give you a sense of what is out there and you can feel less anxious or scared to delve into the investment.If you are not going in blind you know where you are putting your m oney, and if you can take that risk.The next thing you should do is make a business plan.Answer the questions like what you consider needs to be achieved in order to consider yourself successful, where you want to be in five years’ time, how you want to get there, and so on.Set up milestones like In one year my store should earn this much. or In five years the company should be international.When you set up those goals, you come to the most important part and that is: How do you get where you want to be?This is where finances come into the picture- your actual plan of allocating resources and earning money.Pay attention that your plan is not something that you follow blindly.The plan should just be an outline, something to help you shape your idea into action.On the way, you will probably have to diverge from the plan, as you will notice that you had a wrong perception of how thing work or you might realize that you need more time to reach that milestone, or it is harder than you thought.This is where you should persevere.Blindly sticking to the plan may be one of the causes that high percentage of startup failures. WHAT ARE YOUR NEEDS?So, we are finally ready to start talking about money.How much money will you need to get your business up and running?It is important to know that this depends on the type of business itself: the startup costs for, lets say, an online shop will not be nearly as big as those for a restaurant.Now, lets imagine that you are a first-time businessman and you have no idea how much money you need to open a restaurant.How much are the furnaces and the stoves, the furniture? What about chefs paycheck?The first thing you should do to get closer to calculating your costs is to, once again, do the market research. This time focus on finding the public financial statements of similar businesses, talk with people in the industry, and get advice.Which brings us to the next thing and that is having a person in your team who knows what they a re doing. Do you know the actual realistic costs of the things you need? If not, seek advice from a mentor.It can be your cofounder, an accountant, a friend or a family member just as long as that person has experience in owning a business and preferably a successful one and is willing to mentor you.If you do this alone, chances are you are going to miss something in the learning process, and that can make a difference in terms of success or failure.Take out as much guessing as possible from the process (this is impossible for innovative ideas in which case you only have to guess as there are no previous data to draw from).A crucial thing is to think six months to a year ahead when you are calculating how much money you will need.A year is optimally a timeframe where you can see if your business is on a growth path, so make sure you do not experience a financial setback during that time.To avoid that you will have to learn how to preserve cash. How do you do that?Start with the esse ntials.This means that you get everything that you need rather than what you want.To get your restaurant up and running you would need a stove and a fridge, but will you need a pasta roller right away if you are not planning on making your own pasta for a couple more years? No.And just like that, you saved yourself a couple of hundred dollars.If you eliminate other non-essential items using the same thinking pattern, you will lower your cost by a sum that makes a difference.Negotiate terms from vendors or get a lease on the items you need rather than buying them. It will lower your initial cost requirements.Another smart thing to do is getting several bids (at least 2 or 3) for the same item you need. Pick the most affordable option but pay attention not to disregard the quality.Your costs are divided into two groups based on how many times you would need to pay for them. The first group is fixed costs, and the second group is the recurrent costs.The fixed costs include:Furniture an d supplies (computers, microwave, phones, AC, and more) you only get this once, or at least, you are not expected to redecorate or purchase computers very oftenBranding this is something you do before you set up a place, and if you do it right; you do it just this once.Logo Create a logo yourself or pay a designer to do that for you, chances are, once your mind is fixed on the idea, it will not change. This expense entails setting up a banner or a screen with the logo on a suitable place.Advertising material posters, flyers, business cards, pens and more. If you order enough in the beginning, you will not have to refill the stock later on.Permits and licenses for a lot of industries you need to get a legal license to do the desired work. Cross it off your list, and do not worry about it anymore.Legal fees there is a certain amount of money that you need to pay to be able to run a business. The amount differs from state to state so visit your local courthouse and get the requir ed information.There are other items that can be taken into account depending on the type of business, so this list is not a definite one.The recurrent costs are those that you will need to cover annually, monthly or weekly and they are:Rent if you need to take up a specific space. This is redundant for home-based or online businesses.Electricity, phone bills, internet connectionSupplies such as paper, pens, staplers, pins, and so on.Advertising pay for ads on local radio or TV stations, newspaper and more (Less than 10% of your budget).Inventory or raw material If, for example, you are selling hats, you need to invest in and refill the stock of hats available in order not to run out. If that happens it creates a bad image of the company. Get raw materials if you are for example specializing in selling hand-made lamps- get enough of everything that you need to make the desired number (up to 25% of your budget).Payroll This entails that you would need to set aside the money that needs to be allocated to issuing paychecks to all the employees. Set aside enough money to get your own paycheck. (Allocate somewhere from 25% to 50% of your budget.)FeesInsuranceLease paymentsTo get a better picture of what you need, make a list and put down anything that comes to mind, even if it is the smallest thing that you consider irrelevant.Just put everything down.Once you have made your list add up the costs, then try to go back and lower them by 25% if you can (and even more).When starting up a new business, novice entrepreneurs are well aware of those fixed costs and it rarely happens that there is an oversight in that area.They come about early in the process so they cannot be missed. At least not easily.The oversight often happens with the estimate of how much money is needed for the recurring costs. The money needed for the day-to-day functioning of a company is called operating or working capital.Why do you need it? Lets put it simply and with the help of an example. If you are a farmer and want to grow tomatoes enough to sell them and never purchase them yourself again, you will need pesticides, watering systems, someone to pick them and so on.This is what you need to keep your tomato farm running. If you want to eat tomatoes while you are waiting for the ones you planted to ripen, you will need to purchase the tomatoes form another farm or vendor.In order to get the tomatoes, you will need the money to purchase it.This is your operating capital, and it covers negative cash flow until you reach breakeven.There are three types, or rather three stages of breakeven:Breakeven without a consistent salary or withdrawal. This means that the business pays for itself but not yet for you.Breakeven with minimal consistent salary or withdrawal. The business starts earning you a certain amount of money. It is not the ideal yet, but the growth shows, and eventually,Breakeven with a good salary and withdrawal. You can consider your business a successful one.L ets take sales for example. To know when you have achieved the third stage of breakeven, you need to know which revenue you will have to hit and when you expect to hit it.To calculate that, you should forecast sales revenues, cost of goods (COG), gross profit (GP), monthly overhead expenses (fixed expenses), and net profit. You should make that forecast for 6-12 months.FUNDINGSo, now that you have reached the preferable cost for everything you need to start your business, what is next to consider?It is the projects funding.This entails all the finances put together in order to start your business. Funding TypesLaymen may think that all initial funding has to come from you if you are creating a business.How many people would you think would be in a position to do that?Almost nobody, actually.There are various sources that can help you get the amount needed.The first one is definitely you. Do you have some savings waiting to be used for something meaningful? Invest them in a new busin ess.How much money you have to start with is of no importance if you are being smart about the investment.Another investor can be your co-founder or your partner. Pull your funds together to see if there is enough to cover at least the first 6 months from the initial date.If you find that both of you (or more) still do not have enough money, the time has come to bring in a third person into the mix.Now, what you can do is ask for outside capital in three different places:Go to the bank and apply for a loan. Many banks offer special deals for startup companies. So just go to your bank and get the information on what requirements you need to meet in order to qualify for a loan.Another thing that you can do is get funding from so-called angel investors or venture capitalists (VCs). An angel investor is a person who is ready to invest some of their own money to help you out.They usually have experience in creating startup companies; maybe they have done it successfully in the past and n ow want to help out other striving entrepreneurs.Of course, they do not to that out of the kindness of their hearts. When they invest in your startup they get shares of your company that they can later sell and earn money themselves.The third outside investor can be a venture capitalist. A VC is a person who works for a venture capital companies.They take other peoples money and invest them in startup companies. In exchange for the investment, they also get their fair share of shares of the company.The shares are divided among the investors according to the amount of money they have invested. But, how do you get the investors to help you out?How do you persuade them that your company is not a hopeless case just waiting to fail?With companies that already exist but need more funding for branching out, there are existing financial statements, evidence of the companys success and proper functioning, so the investor can deduce that their money will not be put at too much risk.However, t he startup with startup businesses it is more difficult to set up a value of the company. As the business is brand new, there are no previous accounts to rely on.Then startup valuation comes into the picture. There are several methods that can be used and some of them are Venture Capital Method, Discounted Valuation Method and more.How do you know that you need more funding?When you have added up all the items that you would need for the business to run (both one-time and recurrent costs), and when you have added up all the funding sources (personal, angel investors, VCs, and bank loans), it is time for a review.If your cost is lower than your funding, you are on the right path, and even have some funds to spare. If your cost is higher than your funding you should consider either getting more funds or reducing your cost.ADDITIONAL TIPSGet an accountant, and get one right away. You might think that your expertise is enough to add up some numbers and see if you have enough funding, an d you might be right. But what if you miss something?Hiring an accountant at the very start could seem like one of those optional costs to take into account.And yes, allocating a certain amount of money to use as the accountants paycheck could seem like a lot when you are on the very beginning and you are not even paying yourself yet. (There is another, cheaper option: hire a part-time accountant or a volunteer to that for you.)An accountant is extremely valuable. He keeps track of all your expenses, makes sure that you have collected all your receipts, and keeps things organized.He is likely to save you a lot of money in the long run. Experience has shown that hiring an accountant can be a lot less expensive than if you do it later and try to cover the mess and play catch-upPay attention who you are partnering with.Make sure that the person who creates a business with you is trustworthy.Usually, it is someone you know well- a good friend or a family member, so you think you are fam iliar with their work ethics as well.In that case, just make sure that they share the same values and passion for the idea.You do not want to wake up two years into your business only to realize that your cofounder does not want to do it anymore.And, this one is maybe obvious, but do not jump into partnerships with people you do not know just because their story sounds inspiring.Allocate rainy day money. Since you cannot predict the amount of money to a dime, give yourself space to make mistakes.The rainy day fund will cover any unexpected expenses or setbacks that you might encounter.This can be anything from paying a fee to a computer technician if a computer crashes, or covering some bigger issues. FINAL THOUGHTGetting your new business up and running can be stressful for many people. However, if you tackle the matter in the right way-responsibly and thoroughly, there is no need to be afraid of a little math.Do your research, ask your mentors for advice, track your growth progres s and you should be on the right path to owning a successful and thriving business.However, following a plan and wanting to earn a lot and be rich will only get you so far. To truly be sure of your future success, combine all those before-mentioned factors with pure passion and love for what you are doing.Only by knowing the true purpose of why you are doing what you are doing will you succeed in establishing yourself among other successful businessmen?

Criminal Biology Essay - 2307 Words

In order to answer the above question, it must be understood what is meant by the term ‘the race-crime debate’. Bowling and Philips (2002) found the ‘race and crime’ debate has largely been detached from discussion of ethnic differences in the extent and nature of victimisation and how patterns of offending and victimisation interrelate. Bowling and Philips (2002) found that until recently the ‘race and crime’ debate had been preoccupied with other issues. The first being a question to whether people from ethnic minority groups are ‘more likely to commit criminal offences’, contrary to those from the majority of the white population. ‘This debate has turned on an analysis of ‘official’ crime statistics, especially arrest and prison data –†¦show more content†¦Among chronic offenders and serious offenders Ellis (1990) found that they are most likely to posses the defective biological ‘hyperâ €™ and ‘hypo’ functioning biochemical and neuropsychological conditions which Ellis assumes to be ‘criminogenic’. In turn this is believed to ‘increase individual potential or predispositions for criminal behaviour’ (Hawkins 2010). Biological predispositions ‘endow individuals with personality and behavioural tendencies which then increases their risk for crime involvement’ (Hawkins 2010, P48). Based on this, if criminality is a product of biological dysfunctions then biological traits should be disproportionally found among chronic offenders (Hawkins 2010). Contrary to this, individuals with low biological predispositions for criminality should rarely be found in chronic offenders. Based on this Hawkins is suggesting if individuals have cognitive problems then they are prone to crime, but this is not always the case as there is some strong evidence which may suggest otherwise. In my opinion not all individuals with psychological problems commit crime. Hawkins is also suggesting that every individual that commits criminal activity will show signs of pathological problems. Not every criminal is ill or insane. The uses of representative samples are critical in the assessment of biological bases of race and class differences in offending (Hawkins 2010). Biocriminal research has not paid attention to nuances in theShow MoreRelatedHow we came to know what we know now about anato my and physiology has always been a great curiosity1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscoveries in the future. When you think of anatomy you imagine something like this picture below. But here is where it all began†¦. The beginning of anatomy and physiology, ironically, began with a curiosity in biology. The first man to create an important contribution to biology was Alcmaeon, in the 5th century, BC. He was the first scientist to have worked with dissection. His focus was in trying to find out from where and how human intelligence came to be. His research never intended to beRead MoreHow Hereditary And Environment Has Affected The People Around Me1457 Words   |  6 Pagesdescendents of Jonathan Edwards were identified out of which more than 295 graduates were college graduates and among them 13 came to be college presidents or principals and one a Vice-President of America. The records showed that there were no convicted criminals among them. Defining environment The word environment is derived from French word environs which means â€Å"around†. Environment as the term indicates , is anything immediately surrounding an object and experting a direct influence on it. Kimball youngRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Abuse929 Words   |  4 Pagesprograms. A new study was born called eugenics. Is this considered scientific abuse, or were these ideas present in the study of evolution all along and were just merely expanded upon as science advances? The idea that evolution is beyond the realms of biology was popularized in the mid 19th century. Spencer became a prominent scientist in this field. He constructed his ideology around Darwin’s theory and compared society to a biological organism, stating in Progress: Its Law and Cause that â€Å"the changeRead MoreGenetically Vigorous Populations Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagestolerance of environmental extremes, dispersal and colonizing ability, the timing of seasonal and annual cycles (phenology), disease resistance, and many other traits†¦to ignore genetic variation is to ignore one of the fundamental forces that shape the biology of living organisms† (Falk, D., Knapp, E., Guerrant, E., 2001). Genetic diversity also affords different organisms to change with the ever-changing environment around them. Environmental variation, over time, is known as natural or historic rangeRead MoreScience947 Words   |  4 Pagesfingerprinting involves isolating DNA from a ti ssue sample such as blood or hair. Very often, particularly when tissue samples are obtained from crime scenes, the amount of DNA available for DNA fingerprinting is extremely small. Fortunately, a molecular biology technique known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows the DNA sample to be amplified considerably. In essence, this technique is an artificial version of DNA replication. The DNA sample is firstly added to a mixture of DNA nucleotides and DNARead MoreGel Electrophoresis: Separating DNA and RNA848 Words   |  4 Pagesthe buffer. The heated mixture is then poured into the gel mold. When the mixture starts to cool, it undergoes polymerization. This is when the sugar polymers crosslink with each other, causing the solution to form a semi-solid matrix (Molecular Biology CyberLab). The more agarose that is used and dissolved, the firmer the gel will be. Typical concentrations used are between 0.3% to 2% (Buckingham, 2012). The concentration depends on the type of analysi s needed. A higher concentration of agaroseRead MoreBilogy: DNA Fingerprinting Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pagesin for testing. When the testing is complete the police know who the criminal is by their fingerprint. DNA Fingerprinting has also proven effective with miss person cases. â€Å"The concept of DNA profiling was developed by British scientist Alec Jeffreys and first presented to the public by him in 1984.† DNA Fingerprinting has helped solve thousands of murder cases. The first ever use of DNA Fingerprinting was to solve a criminal case that occurred in England in 1987. The case was that two teenageRead MoreMolecular Biology Lab Report Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesMolecular Biology Lab Report Mapping DNA using Restriction Enzymes Ava II and Pvu II to cut Bacterial DNA Abstract The objective of this project is to map bacterial DNA, which is derived from E. coli, using restriction endonucleases with gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments, after cutting has occurred, are separated using agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments are placed in the gel, and an electric current is run through the matrix of the gel-like agarose. Migration of the fragmentsRead MoreEffects Of Temperature On The Quality Of Dna Extracted From Manila Envelopes1526 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of temperature on the quality of DNA extracted from Manila envelopes Research Proposal Janet Boateng November 15,2014 First draft Forensic Biology 5410 Abstract/summary: In the case of mail threat to an individual, it is possible that DNA evidence could be left by the perpetrator on the adhesive strip of a manila envelope. The process of delivery mail via U.S. Postal Services may take from 3-7 business days, with temperature factoring into the qualityRead MoreThe Forensic Analysis Of Dna972 Words   |  4 PagesEmulation of the Forensic Analysis of DNA Introduction All living beings possess DNA that is unique to them.2 For this reason DNA is often used in criminal investigations to help ascertain a perpetrators identity1. In this lab we intend to mimic the methodology involved in such a process. DNA consists of thymine, guanine, cytosine and adenine in a double helix structure, in a sequence that is unique to each person.2 A lysis solution is to be used to safely isolate onion DNA from tissue, consisting

Technology Vs Humanity A Discussion Of Fahrenheit 451

Technology Vs Humanity: A Discussion of Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel about a society that orchestrates its citizens’ actions through mass media propaganda and censorship. The government controls its citizens’ freedom of thought and individualism through various manipulations, most importantly television and the banning of books. The government in the novel furtively influences the population by allowing no insightful television broadcasts that could lead to dissention or questions, but rather bombards the citizens with television shows that contain only mindless frivolity to keep the viewers in a state of almost vegetative happiness. There are no news broadcasts, documentaries, or current affairs programs, nothing†¦show more content†¦Just as the impersonal emergency medical technicians who pumped Mildred’s stomach show no emotional connection to their patient (Bradbury, 1950), so has much of current society become immune to the suffering of others. Many times the person that stops at an emergency situation only does so to film the events with their IPhone and post it on Facebook, not to help with the crisis. The effects of constant graphic news shows, hospital shows, cop shows, etc. showing nonstop trauma, murder, blood and guts are creating a society of uncaring humans. Apathy among fellow humans is becoming the normal (Naughton). The effect of constant violent programming inures the individuals to suffering in the world around them and the innate response to stop someone else’s pain if they can. Just as the populace of Fahrenheit 451 was slowly anesthetized into living in the happy yet unreal world created from their parlor walls, the reality of the current perception of violence and abuse is stealthily hardening this world population hearts and minds to the horrors of violence against fellow beings (Bradbury, 1950). The current society turns an unconcerned eye to murder, abuse, disfiguremen t and more causing their humanity to decline a little each time they fail to beShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages269 United Chemical Company 269 Byron vs. Thomas 271 Active Listening Exercise 272 SKILL APPLICATION 274 Activities for Communicating Supportively Suggested Assignments 274 Application Plan and Evaluation 274 274 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 276 Communicating Supportively 276 Scoring Key 276 Comparison Data 276 Communication Styles 276 Comparison Data 276 SKILL PRACTICE Diagnosing Problems and Fostering Understanding: United Chemical Company and Byron vs. Thomas 278 Observer’s Feedback FormRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................. 299 CHAPTER 10 Deductive Reasoning .......................................................................................... 312 x Implying with Certainty vs. with Probability ................................................................................ 312 Distinguishing Deduction from Induction ..................................................................................... 319 Review of MajorRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay Devore Acquisitions Editor: Carolyn Crockett Development Editor: Danielle Derbenti Assistant Editor: Beth Gershman Editorial Assistant: Ashley Summers Technology Project Manager: Colin Blake Marketing Manager: Joe Rogove Marketing Assistant: Jennifer Liang Marketing Communications Manager: Jessica Perry Project Manager, Editorial Production: Jennifer Risden Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Vernon

Legal Services Bill and Private Practice Free Essays

The ability of the legal system to effectively manage and serve its consumers is one of the most important traits of justice.   Legal practitioners must be able to offer adequate and effective services for those who require those services, or else the concepts of a fair trial and of a balanced, impartial judicial system are ones that cannot be satisfied. The legal services bill, which was published in May of 2006, was aimed at improving private legal practice, and improving the level and quality of services provided by attorneys and other legal practitioners. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Services Bill and Private Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Yet, there are those who dispute the effectiveness of the legal services bill, and there have been many opinions given on the bill and on private practice in the entirety of the legal profession. These opinions have come from politicians, legal experts, and others who are concerned about the legal profession and its ability to serve its clients correctly and fairly.   This essay will attempt to delineate the legal services bill, the way in which it seeks to help the legal profession in the United Kingdom, and the dialogue that has emerged concerning the bill.   It will also put the legal services bill in perspective, and will look at private practice and the legal profession with a wider lens. The problems of the British legal system were widely acknowledged by the government.   Sir David Clementi, who was appointed in 2003 to produced a review of the legal services framework for Great Britain, published the results of his review in a 2004 report.   Clementi was not optimistic about the state of the framework as he saw it. â€Å"The current system is flawed,† he wrote in his introduction to the report.   â€Å"Whilst some lawyers will continue to argue that the current system ‘ain’t broke’, I believe there is strong evidence of the need for major reform: (I) to the regulatory framework which, as described in the Government’s own Scoping Study, is flawed; (II) to the complaints system which needs change to benefit the consumer; and (III) to the types of business structures permitted to provide legal services to the consumer, which have changed little over a significant period.† (Clementi, 2004)   Clementi believed that these reforms would help improve independent, private practice. In response to this report, the legal services bill was created, published in May of 2006 and highlighted in the Queen’s speech in November of 2006. The bill’s main goals, according to a BBC summary of the bill, is to â€Å"create independent regulators for the legal profession and greater competition in the legal services market.† (BBC, 2006)   The main provisions in the bill are to set out clear objectives about the regulatory framework and the legal principles of the profession, and to separate the representative and regulatory functions of designated legal bodies; to create a new Legal Services Board that will provide oversight of legal regulatory bodies; to give the Legal Services Board powers to oversee frontline regulators; to create an Office for Legal Complaints; and to enable new business structures for the legal profession, which will allow various types of lawyers and non-lawyers to work on equal footing. (BBC, 2006) Yet, in order to understand the reasons for the legal services bill, it is necessary to give a general background for the status of the legal profession in the United Kingdom, which gave rise to the need for this bill. In 1944, when legal aid and the legal profession in the United Kingdom were still unreformed and were poorly designed, a Departmental Committee appointed Lord Rushcliffe to examine the legal profession in the UK.   Rushcliffe advised that instead of the State employing thousands of attorneys to practice cases, it should instead give legal aid to attorneys in private practices.   His advice was implemented in 1949, and continued to be used for several decades without much reform. Since that time, it has been difficult to strike a balance between the amount of aid given out, the amount of legal professionals available for practice, and the availability of legal service to consumers.   Many had been calling for major reform since the late 1970s. (Thorp, 1999) The Law Commissions Act of 1965 was created in order to keep the law and the legal profession under review and to recommend reform where it is needed.   The Law Commission had been responsible for many reforms in regards to specific laws, but where independent legal practice is concerned, the jurisdiction of the Law Commission does not permit them to reform the overall system of private legal practice. Legal work in the UNK can be broken down into three distinct categories: non-contentious, which includes things such as contracts, wills, and other issues between clients that is able to be resolved without litigation; litigation, which includes the actual courtroom process and the formal and informal processes leading up to the courtroom proceedings; and advocacy work in the courts. As Stephen Davies writes, sometimes it is difficult for legal consumers to understand their particular legal problems, and therefore, it is difficult for those consumers to contact the proper attorney or legal personnel to resolve the case. â€Å"Moreover,† says Davis, â€Å"many will have little or no knowledge about the skills and experience of different advocates, or ability to judge their quality.   For many consumers, the demand is exceptional, and there is little opportunity for quality comparison through repeat purchases.   Thus, legal services are not homogenous – consumers differ in their problems and barristers differ in their skills, knowledge and experience.† (Davies, 2005) This is a problem, according to Davies, because those who wish to bring legal cases, but do not understand their particular legal problems, are not receiving justice.   The court system, according to Davies, should be open to all, and these restrictions do not allow for all to be satisfied by the current system. According to the OFT report of 2001, there were 101,000 registered solicitors in England and Wales, in the year 2000, and the ten largest solicitors’ firms had a market share of 46.8%. (Davies, 2005) These solicitors are responsible for playing the â€Å"middleman† between consumers and litigators, and their role is and important one in the legal process. Says Davies, â€Å"In the traditional model, the solicitor plays this middle-man role.   This is, of course, not particularly exceptional – few markets in general are characterized by perfect information on both sides, and a common response to this market imperfection is the existence of the middle-man.   Of course, we should not expect the asymmetry to be pronounced for those consumers who make repeat purchases, and for whom it is worthwhile to accumulate costly information (e.g. many corporate customers).† (Davies, 2005) With figures updated to 2004, the amount of solicitors has grown to 121,000, which represents a 20% growth in the size of the profession, but the number of firms has declined by 500.   Size distribution among these firms is very skewed with most either having between 2 to 4 partners, or more than 81 partners. The Bar, in England and Wales, is a much smaller profession.   According to the same OFT report, about 10,000 barristers are employed in independent practice in England and Wales, and 2,500 are employed by the State. While Davies admits that there are problems with the current structure and market saturation of both solicitors and barristers, he derides those who believe that any system of legal service could be made perfect. â€Å"In some of the public debate, I have seen comparisons between the market so described and the economists’ ideal notion of perfect competition.   In my opinion, this I not an appropriate comparator,† Davies continues.   â€Å"Perfect competition is characterized by (I) perfect information, (II) an homogeneous product, (III) the absence of regulation.   None of these assumptions is appropriate for legal services. Asymmetric information is an innate feature of the market, and it is difficult to imagine how any policy intervention could entirely remove this market imperfection.   Amongst barristers (and perhaps between solicitors too), there are important differences in their services (specialisms).   The profession’s obligations to â€Å"The Law† and universal access dictates that some sort of regulation is unavoidable.† (Davies, 2005) Davies was directly responding to the original draft of Clementi’s report. â€Å"In proposing reforms designed to encourage cost-effective practices,† writes Clementi, â€Å"there is no suggestion of diminution in standards, either in the quality of legal advice provided or in the ethical standards of practitioners.† (Clementi, 2004) Clementi’s recommendations, and the subsequent publishing of the legal services bill, was met with split reactions, and continues to be a lightning rod for mixed opinions.   Some believe that the benefits of the bill are â€Å"more flexible working environments attracting a more diverse group of high quality individuals into the profession; an increased supply of services focused on what customers want to buy rather than what lawyers want to sell; and increased competition leading to cheaper and better services.† (Blanes, 2005) Yet, â€Å"this is the optimist’s view,† writes Jordi Blanes i Vidal, in a 2005 response to Clementi’s recommendations co-written with Ian Jewitt and Clare Leaver. â€Å"There is also a pessimistic view: a breakdown in the functioning of the legal services industry as professional standards of behaviour become eroded through the unleashing and subsequent enforcement of short-term opportunistic profit motives.† (Blanes, 2005) The structure of the legal services bill is such that it is designed to work within the regulation, complaints system and the restrictive nature of current business systems. Regulation will be overseen by the Legal Services Board.   They will the charge of promoting seven regulatory objectives, including the rule of law and improved access to justice. As Sarah Clover and Lydia Hassall observe, â€Å"More controversially, they include the protection and promotion of the consumer interest, despite the Joint Committee’s recommendation that the Bill should also protect and promote the public interest, which may not always coincide with consumer interest.† (Clover and Hassall, 2007) One another objective of the bill, which was not featured in the original draft but was added in response to widely-expressed concern from those who believed that the bill threatened the independence of the legal profession, is to encourage an independent, strong and effective legal profession.   However, the addition of this objective in the bill has not completely stopped the criticism from those who see a conflict of interest, which centers on the idea that the Secretary of State appoints all Chairpersons and the members of the board. â€Å"It remains unclear how the [Legal Services Bill] will operate in practice.   Indeed, there is no statement in the Bill as to what the LSB will actually do.   Whilst the Government has said in the response to the Joint Committee’s Report that the LSB will operate in partnership with the Front Line Regulators and would only use its powers if the Front Line Regulators were clearly failing, many, including the Law Society, would like to see a positive commitment in the Bill to such ’light-touch’ regulation.† (Clover and Hassall, 2007) The government has agreed to take another look at the regulation part of the bill because of such widespread discontent. The Complaints section of the bill created a single independent service for handling complaints – the Office of Legal Complaints – for all branches of the legal profession, in order to provide customers will greater confidence in their legal service, and to provide a quick and fair fix when things go wrong.   The OLC will be funded by the legal profession as a whole, and consumers will get the service for free, assuming that they do not pass  £20,000 in compensation. â€Å"It will be interesting to see how the increased level of redress to  £20,000 (compared with the Law Society’s current maximum of  £15,000) affects the consumer’s choice in pursuing a remedy against his solicitor. Whilst in the past most complaints to the Law Society have resulted in only a small payment of a few hundred pounds, the available figures relate to a time when the maximum award was only  £5,000 and when the Law Society did not deal with allegations of negligence as such. It is clear that, in the absence of legal aid, the OLC should provide consumers who have suffered losses of up to  £20,000 with an affordable and quick remedy, although it is unlikely to have much impact on claims of higher value, or those involving complex legal matters.† (Clover and Hassall, 2007) The third objective of the bill is to affect the structure of firms and legal partnerships.   The bill will provide for Alternative Business Structures, or ABS, which will provide lawyers and non-lawyers a chance to work together to provide legal services, and for non-lawyers to inject capital into legal services firms. It is expected to take several months until these reforms are fully implemented into the current system, and will take years for those reforms to have an impact on the system. In May of 2006, a report was published by an all-party Committee that has raised concerns about the legal services bill. Lord Hunt of Wirral, who served as Chairperson of the Joint Committee on the legal services bill, said, â€Å"we have some very real concerns about the proposals put forward in this bill.   The draft legal services bill departs from the recommendations of Sir David Clementi in a number of important respects and it is essential the Government should explain each of those departures fully.   Most of our substantive recommendations would come under a single heading, namely that of going back to the future – the future envisaged by Clementi.† (Parliament, 2006) Hunt raised concerns about the legal profession remaining independent from the government.   He said that it is not only important that the legal profession be independent, but that it must be perceived as an independent body, and Hunt expressed concern that too much regulation would undermine general support and confidence. Seemingly, the main concern for all those who are involved in this reform process, including those are for and those who oppose the legal services bill or portions of the legal services bill, is the wishes of the consumer. In a 2005 white paper, â€Å"The Future of Legal Services: Putting the Consumer First,† the government expressed its views on the topic. â€Å"Consumers need, and deserve, legal services that are efficient, effective, and economic.   They want to have choice, and they want to have confidence in a transparent and accountable industry.   Legal services are crucial to people’s ability to access justice.   They must therefore be regulated and made available in such a way as to meet the needs of the public – individuals, families, and businesses. The professional competence of lawyers is not in doubt.   The calibre of many of our legal professionals is among the best in the world.   But despite this, too many consumers are finding that they are not receiving a good or a fair deal.† (White Paper, 2005) The government concluded in their white paper that the current system was a ’regulatory maze’ and that it is outdated, inflexible, over complex and not accountable or transparent enough. â€Å"Reform is overdue.   It is necessary to ensure that consumers are in the driving seat in the provision of legal services.   It is also important to ensure that confidence in providers is maintained and increased.† (White Paper, 2005) In response to this white paper, the City of London Law Society said that there was not much enthusiasm in the city for the alternative business structures that were planned, although the CLLS was interested in the prospect of forming partnerships with barristers and solicitors, and promoting non-lawyers to partner with litigators. â€Å"Despite the concerns,† write Clover and Hassall, â€Å"most welcome the idea of reform and a better (but not necessarily more) regulated profession.   This should have a positive impact on the professional performance of the legal profession as a whole thereby reducing the number of negligence claims.† (Clover and Hassall, 2007)   This positive impact is dependant upon the degree and amount of regulation for many in the profession. Major reform is taking place with the implementation of the legal services bill, despite the fact that not all are satisfied with the type or quality of the reform.   Concerns about an outdated system being replaced with a restrictive system are still important to listen to, but the despite its flaws, the legal services bill is aimed to repair many of the flaws in the current system.   Reexamination of the bill is necessary to please all parties involved, but the bill seems to be a step in the right direction for the future of the legal profession in the United Kingdom. With so much riding on the ability to obtain competent, fair and efficient legal service, it is crucial that reforms be taken seriously and should not be used to undermine public confidence and opinion about the legal profession.   With so many solicitors and barristers causing concern over the â€Å"middle-man† function in the legal profession, regulation and complaints are mandatory aspects.   The legal profession in private practice is able to provide the general public with adequate and effective service, and the legal services bill has an opportunity to improve the quality of service being provided. Works Cited Blanes i Vidal, J., I. Jewitt and C. Leaver. (2005). Legal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disciplinary Practices: A Discussion of the Clementi   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proposals. Clementi, D. (2004). Report of the Review of the Regulatory Framework for Legal Services in England and Wales. Legal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Services Reform. Clover, S. and L. Hassall. (2007). United Kingdom: The Legal Services Bill. Barlow Lyde Gilbert, Retrieved from Mondaq.com on April 18, 2007. Davies, S. (2005). The economic implications of partnership   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   restrictions in the legal services sector and their possible   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   removal. Government White Paper. (2005). The Future of Legal Services:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Putting Consumers First. Compiled by Lord Falconer. â€Å"Joint Committee Raise Concern Over Proposals in the Legal    Services Bill.† (2006). Retrieved from UK â€Å"Legal Services Bill.† (2006). BBC News, on April 18, 2007. Thorp, A. (1999). The Access to Justice Bill: Legal aid.   Ã‚  Ã‚   House   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Commons Research Paper, 99(33).             How to cite Legal Services Bill and Private Practice, Essay examples

Women In Advertising Essays - Gender Studies, Gender,

Women In Advertising The Oppression of Females in Advertising in our society is a complex collection of institutions, status, roles, values, and norms, and the best way to understand and learn about them is through the use of cultural artifacts. These can be anything from music to art to literature, or as in the example of this discussion, the modern day creation of advertisement in mass media. As Homo Sapiens moved from the hunter - gatherer way of life to industrial society, it was necessary to construct a framework for living so that such a concentrated number of people could exist together. This framework as come to consist of a myriad of expectations based on values and norms in the form of roles status and institutions. Desirable behavior is sought by people throughout the country based on how one is brought up and the expectations one is bombarded with on a daily basis. These expectations are reflected in every part of our culture and are used by people so as to know how to act in any given situat ion. The main examples are the family, education, health and medicine, religion, and the law. I have found that certain mediums reflect the expected roles in these institutions better than others. I originally focused on gender roles as a depiction of stereotypical behavior as reflected by advertising especially the portrayal of women, but I discovered that there were other stereotypes being perpetuated as well that were just as institutionalized if not just simply less noticed or studied. Therefore, although this argument will focus on the depiction of females and the female role in advertising. It will also mention the general use of American values, norms, and institutions to influence consumer. An institution is defined as a stable cluster of values, norms, status, roles, and groups that develop around a basic social need with a status being a person's position in society and a role being the behavior expected from that, and a value being a socially shared idea of what is good, right, and desirable and a norm being the behavior expected from those ideas. When people begin to form certain expectations in life there begin to be formed stereotypes. People recognize them universally and use them to form opinions and act or not act in a certain way when they are confronted with a situation or person. It is human nature to fear the unknown and cling to the familiar, and desire to fit in but want to stand out at the same time. It is from here that advertising finds its most potent weapons. By focusing on these culturally formed stereotypes they can explicitly affect people, and by feeding on these implicitly realized characteristics of people they can also affect behavior . This s eems relatively harmless to the advertiser who simply wants to sell his product, but it becomes harmful when it begins to perpetuate certain undesirable stereotypes to the point of cementing them in impressionable minds. Thus I will further differentiate the discussion presented here into the use of institutions that I do not find as harmful as others. Understanding that the perpetuation of any stereotype is bad in that it robs people of the chance to form original opinions without the hindrance of preconceived notions, but I strongly feel that specific depiction's like that of the myth of women need to be eradicated first and foremost because of its direct halt of progress. That's not to say that advertising has not changed somewhat with the changing of women's roles and opportunities in the 1990's. Society ,and specifically men, can accept the need and desire for women to work outside the home, but they still expect them to be mothers who keep everything together in the home. The portrayal of women can be broken down into several categories. First is the idea of beauty. Generally about 85% of all advertisements are devoted to the beautification of women's hair, face, and body. Women are bombarded with airbrushed, perfectly lit, constantly happy shots of gorgeous models that portray every ideal of our society. The content of ads t hat I have obsereved over and over again were makeup, perfume, breast centered, and skin. Women are